Person

João Pedro Quintais

Associate law professor, University of Amsterdam

Coverage 2 articles

Technology

European Commission classifies ChatGPT as search engine under Digital Services Act

The ruling applies transparency rules only to search features, leaving conversational functions including therapeutic use outside the DSA's strictest obligations. OpenAI faces fines up to 6% of global revenue for non-compliance.

By Ana Belić · 6 September 2026 · 5 min read

Technology

EU designates ChatGPT as search engine but leaves chat functions unregulated

The European Commission has classified OpenAI's chatbot as a Very Large Online Search Engine under the Digital Services Act, yet the designation covers only its search-like features, not the conversational uses that dominate daily interaction.

By Ana Belić · 2 September 2026 · 7 min read